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Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8(6):891-900. doi:10.7150/ijbs.4383 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Expression of Human Leukocyte Antigen G is associated with Prognosis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Man-Bo Cai^1,2*, Hui-Qiong Han¹*, Jin-Xin Bei¹*, Chao-Chun Liu³, Jin-Ju Lei¹, Qian Cui¹, Qi-Sheng Feng¹, Hai-Yun Wang⁴, Jia-Xing Zhang⁴, Yi Liang¹, Li-Zhen Chen¹, Tie-Bang Kang¹, Jian-Yong Shao⁴, Yi-Xin Zeng¹

1. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China;
2. Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China;
3. Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA;
4. Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
* These authors contributed equally to this work.

✉ Corresponding author: Yi-Xin Zeng, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China. Phone: +86-20-87343333; Fax: +86-20-87343295; E-mail: zengyxorg.cn

Abstract

Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) has multiple immune regulatory functions including the induction of immune tolerance in malignancies. The roles of HLA-G have not been investigated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This study is aimed to evaluate the role of HLA-G as prognostic factor for NPC patients as well as its role in the immune regulation. Western assays showed high HLA-G expression in NPC cell lines, but low in the immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line NP69. HLA-G protein was further detected in 79.2% of 552 NPC specimens with immunohistochemistry (IHC), but not in normal nasopharyngeal epithelium tissue. Moreover, high expression of HLA-G predicted poor survival of NPC patients and positively correlated with tumor N classification and recurrence or metastasis. Multivariate analysis indicated that HLA-G was an independent and unfavorable prognostic factor. Furthermore, the presence of CD68⁺macrophages and IL-10 were also examined, which are two prognostic markers of NPC and important factors for regulating immune surveillance. The correlations of HLA-G with these two immune factors were revealed in NPC tissues. Taken together, our results suggest that HLA-G is an independent biomarker for NPC prognosis, and HLA-G might contribute to NPC progression, which might jointly regulate immune surveillance in NPC together with macrophages and IL-10.

Keywords: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HLA-G, Prognosis, IL-10, macrophage

Introduction

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a leading lethal malignancy with a high prevalence in Southeast Asia, especially in the Guandong and Guangxi provinces in Southern China [1-2]. Most NPC tumor cells are poorly differentiated or undifferentiated and have a high tendency to invade adjacent regions and metastasize to neck lymph nodes. Although early-stage NPC is radio-curable, NPC patients at late-stage have poor outcomes, largely due to local failure in treatments and distant metastases [3]. Conventional TNM staging has strong prognostic significance for NPC [4], yet the prognosis remains poor in a significant number of NPC patients at late-stage [5]. Therefore, it's necessary to identify additional marker(s) for predicting the clinical prognosis as well as serving as optimal therapeutic target(s) to benefit NPC patients.

Human  leukocyte  antigen  G  (HLA-G)  is  a  non-classical  major  histocompatibility  complex  (MHC)  class  Ib  antigen.  In non-pathological  situations,  HLA-G expression  is  restricted  to  the  fetal-maternal  interface  of  the  extravillous  cytotrophoblasts,  placental  chorionic  endothelium,  thymic  epithelial  cells,  and  erythropoietic  lineage  cells  from the bone marrow [6], as  well  as  other  immune-privileged  tissues  such  as  the  cornea [7],  nail  matrix [8], and  autologous  tissues  such  as  the  pancreas [9]. It has been demonstrated that HLA-G plays important role in immune tolerance during pregnancy. It can suppress the proliferation of alloreactive CD4⁺ T-cell [10-12], block the effector function of decidual monocyte/macrophages [13], inhibit cytolysis mediated by NK-cell and T cell [11, 14], modulate the release of cytokines and shift decidual mononuclear cells toward the T helper (Th) 2 profile. Of the Th2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-10 has been shown to induce HLA-G expression, which in return stimulates IL-10 expression [15-17]. Interestingly, HLA-G expression was detected in various types of human malignancies, and  has been correlated with certain clinicopathological parameters in gastric carcinoma [18], lymphoma [19-20], ovarian [21] and endometrial carcinoma [22]. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that HLA-G may promote tumor progression by suppressing immune regulation within tumor microenvironment, and thus helping tumor cells escape from anti-tumor immune surveillance [23]. Therefore, these studies suggest that HLA-G might serve as a clinical marker for the prediction of clinical outcomes of these diseases [24-26].

Most recently, the polymorphisms of HLA-G were associated with NPC risk and clinical outcome [27]. The Ile110 allele was found to be significantly less frequent among patients with a positive lymph node status and late stages (III-IV), respectively [27]; moreover, the occurrence of 130C deletion was significantly associated with a decreased NPC free disease and overall survival [27]. However, to date, the expression and role of HLA-G in NPC have not been investigated.

Here, in order to explore the role of HLA-G in NPC, we first examined HLA-G expression in NPC using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoblot (western) methods; and secondly, we analyzed the correlation between the HLA-G expression level and the clinical factors and outcomes of NPC patients; and finally, we evaluated the possible immune-regulatory function of HLA-G in the tumor microenvironment in NPC.

Methods and Materials

Patients and clinical tissue samples

In this study, 552 specimens of NPC were collected at Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China between January 2001 and December 2003. The cases were selected based on the following criteria: pathologically confirmed NPC with available biopsy specimens for tissues microarray (TMA) construction; no previous malignant disease or a second primary tumor; no prior radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgery treatment history. All of the selected NPC samples contained at least 70% carcinoma tissue, as determined by examining of the frozen section. The characteristics of the NPC patients were summarized in Table 1.

All patients were treated with standard curative radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy. The follow-up period was defined as the time from diagnosis to the date of death or the lasted census date of living patients. Disease progression was defined as cases in which the tumor was evaluated as progressive disease after primary treatment or recurrence (local progression) and/or cases in which new distant metastasis occurred (distant progression). The Institute Research Medical Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-Sen University granted approval for this study.

Tissue microarray construction

The paraffin-embedded specimens were obtained from the previously constructed tissue microarray (TMA) [28]. Briefly, the paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and the corresponding hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained slides were overlaid for TMA sampling. Duplicates of 1.0 mm diameter cylinders were punched from representative tumor areas of individual tissue block and re-embedded into a recipient paraffin block at a defined position using a tissue-arraying instrument (Beecher Instruments, Silver Spring, MD).

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and evaluation

IHC was performed to examine HLA-G, CD68 and IL-10 expression in NPC tissue specimens. Primary antibodies against HLA-G (1:200 dilution, sc-21799, Santa Cruz, USA), CD68 (1:100 dilution, ABIN370601, Dako, Denmark) and IL-10 (1:300 dilution, ab34843, Abcam, USA) were used in this study, following the previous protocol [28]. The IHC results were evaluated and scored independently by three pathologists without prior knowledge of the clinicopathological outcomes of the patients. A semi-quantitative estimation was made using a composite score obtained by adding the values of the staining intensity and the relative abundance of the positive cells. The intensity was graded as 0 (negative), 1 (weakly positive), 2 (moderately positive) or 3 (strongly positive). The abundance of the positive cells was graded from 0 to 4 according to their percentages (0, < 5%; 1, 5-25%; 2, 26-50%; 3, 51-75%; 4, 76-100%). The concordance rate of 83.4% among the evaluated results from the pathologists demonstrated that this scoring method was highly reproducible. The value was selected until at least two pathologists reported consistent results. In cases where scoring was completely different, all of the pathologists worked together to confirm the score. In addition, the numbers of CD68⁺ macrophages in tumor nest and stroma were counted within the areas of 6 high-power fields (400X).

Selection of cutoff score

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the cutoff score for a “high expression” designation with the 0,1-criterion implemented in SPSS software [28]. First, the clinicopathologic characteristics were dichotomized as following groups: T classification (T1-T2 versus T3-T4), N classification (N0 versus N1-N3), clinical stage (I-II versus III-IV), cancer progression (Yes versus No), and survival status (death due to NPC versus censored). Second, the expression scores for HLA-G were trained in the ROC analysis. The cutoff score is the point on the curve that has both maximum sensitivity and specificity [28-29].

Cell lines and cell culture

Eight NPC cell lines including CNE2, S26, S18, SUNE1, 6-10B, 5-8F, CNE1 and HONE1 were cultured in RPMI 1640 (Gibco, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA). The NPC cell line C666 was cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco, USA) containing 15% FCS. The immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line NP69 was cultured in keratinocyte serum-free medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 5% FCS, 25 μg/ml bovine pituitary extract, and 0.2 ng/ml recombinant epidermal growth factor, as suggested by the manufacturer. All the cell lines were grown in a humidified incubator at 37℃ with 5% CO₂ .

Immunoblot analysis

Cells were harvested and lysed with RIPA buffer (Upstate, USA). Equal amount of denatured protein samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and then transferred to PVDF membranes (Amersham, UK) for immunoblot or western analysis. Antibodies used for immunoblot analysis were against HLA-G (same as the one used in IHC), and anti-α-tubulin antibody (1:1,000 dilution, G436, Bioworld, USA) was used as loading control. All protein bands were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescent western blot Kit (Amersham, UK).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 16.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL). ROC curve analysis was applied to determine the cutoff score for high expression of HLA-G. The correlation between HLA-G expression and clinicopathologic features of NPC patients was analyzed by χ² -test. For univariate survival analysis, survival curves were obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method. In multivariate statistical analysis, we treated overall survival time as “time”, overall survival status as “status”, “death” as the reference (with a value of 1), while the expression of HLA-G and other significant clinicopathologic features (age, T classification, N classification, recurrence or metastasis and clinical stage) were treated as the comparing parameters (with a relative value), respectively. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify independent prognostic factors. Associations between the HLA-G expression and IL-10 expression or number of CD68⁺ macrophages were examined by using Pearson correlation and independent t-test. Differences were considered significant if the P-value from a two-tailed test was less than 0.05.

Results

Patient characteristics

Among the 552 patients, 418 (75.7%) were male, and the median age was 46 years (ranging 19-78 years). Among these patients, 139 patients (25.2%) were diagnosed as non-keratinizing differentiated carcinoma (NKDC), 400 patients (72.5%) were diagnosed with non-keratinizing undifferentiated carcinoma (NKUC), and a few patients (0.3%) were diagnosed with keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (KSCC). One hundred forty-seven patients (26.6%) were in stage I and stage II, and 405 patients (73.4 %) were in stage III and stage IV. The median follow-up time was 58.63 months (ranging 2 to 99 months). Of the total number of patients, 184 (33.3%) died and 217 (39.3%) presented with disease progression during the five-year follow-up period. Detailed clinical information is shown in Table 1.

Expression of HLA-G in NPC cell lines and tumor tissues

To test the specificity of HLA-G antibody for the detection of HLA-G expression in NPC, western-blot assays were performed to evaluate the protein levels of HLA-G in the NPC cell lines including CNE2, S26, S18, SUNE1, 6-10B, 5-8F, CNE1, HONE1, C666 and an immortalized primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line NP69. Compared to non-tumorous NP69 cells, NPC cell-lines expressed higher levels of HLA-G (Figure. 1A). Moreover, a single targeted band with clear background for each NPC sample indicates high specificity of the antibody against HLA-G, in consistent with manufacturer's statement.

 Figure 1 

Expressions of HLA-G in NPC cell lines and NPC tissues. A The HLA-G protein was visualized by western blot in the NPC cell lines CNE2, S26, S18, SUNE1, 5-8F, 6-10B, CNE1, HONE1, NP69 and C666 cells (molecular weight, HLA-G: 39KD, α-tubulin: 50 KD). B and C Weak HLA-G staining in TMA samples under low and high magnifications; D and E Strong HLA-G staining in TMA samples are shown under low and high magnifications; F, strong HLA-G staining in placenta tissue (positive control); G No HLA-G staining in normal nasopharyngeal epithelium tissue (negative control).

 Figure 2 

Selection of the cutoff score. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was employed to determine the cutoff score for the designation of “high expression” of HLA-G. The sensitivity and specificity for each outcome of HLA-G membranal and cytoplasmic staining were plotted: A T classification (P =0.431); B N classification (P =0.191); C Clinical stage (P =0.231); D Cancer progression (P <0.001); E Survival status (P <0.001).

Subsequently, the expression of HLA-G protein was determined in 552 NPC tumors from which five-year follow-up information were available, by using IHC with the specific antibody. HLA-G was detected in 437 of 552 (79.2%) NPC cases. Overexpression of HLA-G was observed in the membrane and cytoplasm of NPC cells with different intensity (Figure 1B, C, D and E) and strong staining in placenta tissue (positive control) (Figure 1F). However, no positive signal was observed in normal nasopharyngeal epithelium with this antibody (Figure 1G), indicating again the specificity of the antibody and more importantly, lack of HLA-G expression in normal tissue. Immunoreactivity for HLA-G was scored for subsequent evaluation of its predictive value in NPC.

Selection of the cutoff score for high expression of HLA-G

ROC curve analysis showed that HLA-G expression has some sort of predictive value in NPC, with maximum area under curve (AUC) reaching 0.640 (Figure. 2E, black arrowed). The points in curves with both maximum specificity and maximum sensitivity were treated as cutoff points for high or low expression of HLA-G. For survival analysis the cutoff score for the expression of HLA-G was 4.5 (Table 2). Thus, tumors designated as low expression of HLA-G are those with the scores below or equal to the cutoff score, while tumors of high expression are those with scores above the cutoff score.

Association of HLA-G expression with clinicopathologic features and survival

As mentioned above and previously [28], samples were separated into either low or high HLA-G expression groups, according to their expression levels to the cutoff. As a result, high expression of HLA-G was observed in 187/552 (33.9%) of NPC tissues. With χ² -test analysis, we found that high expression of HLA-G was positively correlated with tumor N classification (Pearson Correlation = 0.120; P=0.005), recurrence or metastasis (Pearson Correlation = 0.229; P<0.001) and histological type (Pearson Correlation =0.166; P<0.001), respectively (Table 3); while, there was no significant association between HLA-G expression and other clinicopathologic features, such as patient gender, age, tumor T classification and clinical stage (P>0.05, Table 3).

The 5-year overall and disease-free survival rate of the cohort of 552 NPC patients were 66.6% and 60.6%, respectively (Figure 3A and 3B). Of these 552 NPC patients, Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test analyses indicated that high HLA-G expression significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) (5-year survival rates, 57.2% vs. 70.1%, log-rank test, X² = 10.324, P = 0.001, Figure 3C) and disease-free survival (DFS) (5-year survival rates, 51.9% vs. 64.8%, log-rank test, X² =8.604, P = 0.003, Figure 3D) compared with low HLA-G expression. When the clinical stages were taken as stratifications, the associations are much significantly stronger for patients at late stages (stage III - IV), between HLA-G expression and poor OS (5-year survival rates, 42.6% vs. 64.1%, log-rank test, X² = 17.563, P<0.001, Figure 3G) and DFS (5-year survival rates, 39.0% vs. 59.0%, log-rank test, X² = 14.684, P<0.001, Figure 3H); while the associations are not significant for patients at the early stages (stage I - II; Figure 3E and 3F).

Independency test of the association between HLA-G expression and survival

A univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that HLA-G expression (P<0.001), age (P=0.002) and the well-known clinicopathologic prognostic parameters, such as T classification (P<0.001), N classification (P=0.001), recurrence or metastasis (P<0.001) and clinical stage (P<0.001), were significantly associated with survival (Table 4). Moreover, independency tests were carried out among the prognostic factors, including the expression of HLA-G and other clinicopathologic features (age, T classification, N classification, recurrence or metastasis and clinical stage), under a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model (Table 4). Compared with above significant clinicopathologic features (age, T classification, N classification, recurrence or metastasis and clinical stage), HLA-G was an independent and unfavorable factor for overall patient survival (hazards ratio: 1.429; 95% confidence interval: 1.050-1.945; P=0.023). Besides, age, recurrence or metastasis and clinical stage, respectively, were found to be independent prognostic predictors for overall survival (Table 4).

Correlations of HLA-G expression and CD68⁺ macrophage and IL-10 in NPC tissue

To elucidate the roles of HLA-G in immune regulation, we analyzed the correlation between expression of HLA-G and the number of CD68⁺ macrophage in tumor nest and stroma, which has been implicated in tumor microenvironment [30]. Among 552 NPC tissues, HLA-G high expressions were inversely correlated with infiltrations of CD68⁺ macrophages in tumor nest (19.53 ± 11.09/HPF vs, 21.89 ± 12.86/HPF Pearson Correlation=-0.086; P=0.025) and in tumor stroma (43.73 ± 22.11/HPF vs, 50.66 ± 20.93/HPF Pearson Correlation=-0.107; P<0.001; Figure 4), respectively, which is in consistent with previous report [13]. Moreover, the correlation between the expression of HLA-G and IL-10 in the NPC samples were also examined, inspired by the previous demonstrations that IL-10 as an important cytokine can induce HLA-G expression in other tumors [31]. The results showed a positive correlation between the expression of HLA-G and IL-10 in 110 NPC tissues (Pearson Correlation=0.743; P<0.001) (Figure 5A). For the 52 NPC cases with a high expression of HLA-G, the IL-10 average staining score was 5.67, which was significantly higher than that found in the remaining 58 NPC samples with low expression of HLA-G (3.90) (P<0.001, independent sample t-test; Figure 5B).

 Figure 3 

Association between HLA-G expression and NPC patient survival. TMA analyses were conducted in a cohort of 552 NPC patients diagnosed at M0. A The five-year overall survival (OS) rate of was 66.6%. B The five-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate of was 60.6%. C and D High HLA-G expression levels were significantly associated with OS (P = 0.001) and disease-free survival (P = 0.001) in all NPC patients. E and F No significant differences in five-year OS and DFS rates were found between groups with low and high expressions of HLA-G in NPC patients at early stages (I - II). G and H High HLA-G expression levels were significantly associated with OS (P = 0.006) and disease-free survival (P = 0.007) in NPC patients at late stages (Ⅲ-Ⅳ).

 Figure 4 

Immunohistochemical staining of HLA-G expression and CD68⁺ macrophage. Representative pictures were shown. Weak HLA-G staining in tumor nest (A) and stroma (C) correlated with increasing infiltrations of CD68⁺ macrophages in tumor nest (B) and stroma (D); Strong HLA-G staining in tumor nest (E) and stroma (G) correlated with increasing infiltrations of CD68⁺ macrophages in tumor nest (F) and stroma (H); High expression of HLA-G significantly decreased infiltrations of CD68⁺macrophages in tumor nest (I) and tumor stroma (J) compared with low expression of HLA-G.

 Figure 5 

IHC analysis showing correlation between the expression levels of HLA-G and IL-10 in NPC tissues. A Continuous sections of human NPC tissue were subjected to IHC staining with antibodies against HLA-G and IL-10. The tumor tissue in case 1 showed low expressions of HLA-G and IL-10; while the tumor tissue of case 2 showed the high expression levels of HLA-G and an elevated IL-10. B In 52 NPC cases with high expression levels of HLA-G, the average HLA-G score was 5.67 (right column), which was significantly higher than that (3.90) of the 58 NPCs with low expression levels of HLA-G (left column, P<0.001, independent sample t-test).

Discussion

NPC is a malignancy arising at the upper lining of nasopharynx, and the strategies for early diagnosis and prognosis are keys for NPC survival. As nasopharynx is an important lymphoid tissue [32], immune-related genes might contribute to the development of NPC. Indeed, some immune-related genes especially the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been implicated in the NPC susceptibility [33]. It has recently been reported that HLA-G polymorphisms are associated with NPC risk and clinical outcome [27]. However, to date, the expression and role of HLA-G in NPC have not been investigated.

Here, we found that overexpression of HLA-G protein is likely correlated with NPC. The expression of HLA-G protein was higher in all the NPC cell lines tested, but low in the immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line NP69; and moreover, HLA-G protein was expressed in 79.2% of 552 NPC patient specimens, but not in normal nasopharyngeal epithelium tissue (Figure 1). These suggested that HLA-G might play an important role in the tumorigenesis of NPC. Supportively, the overexpression of HLA-G antigens has been detected in various types of human malignancies, including gastric carcinoma [18], lymphoma [19-20], ovarian [21] and endometrial carcinoma [22].

The expression of HLA-G might contribute to the progression of NPC. Among the NPC patients, high expression of HLA-G was correlated with tumor N classification, recurrence and metastasis and histological type, respectively (P<0.05, Table 3), which are well-known factors related to NPC progression as well as survival. Moreover, high expression of HLA-G was correlated with poor disease free and overall survival rates of NPC. For patients at late stages, the strength of associations between high HLA-G expression and poor survivals is much enhanced. These suggest that HLA-G might participate in the regulation of NPC progression, and with more contribution in the advanced tumors. Importantly, the correlation of HLA-G expression with NPC survival and the identification of HLA-G as an independent and unfavorable prognostic factor of NPC indicate that HLA-G could be a useful biomarker for NPC prognosis. Further replication study using larger sample size might be necessary, before it's applied to clinical usage.

Considering the immunomodulatory function of HLA-G, its overexpression in malignant cells may represent one of various mechanisms adopted by the tumor cells to escape immune surveillance [31, 34]. Studies have shown that HLA-G expression can protect tumor cells from cytolysis mediated via natural killer cell (NK) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) [35] and block the effector function of decidual monocyte/macrophages [13]. To better understand the possible role of HLA-G involved in NPC, we further determine its correlations with CD68⁺ macrophage and IL-10, which are also prognostic immune molecules in NPC and play important role in the immune surveillance [30], [36-37]. We found a significant reverse correlation between HLA-G expression and infiltrations of CD68⁺ macrophage in NPC tumor nest and tumor stroma tissues (Pearson Correlation=-0.086 and -0.107, respectively). It has been shown that CD68⁺ macrophage was able to secret tumor necrosis factor-alpha and killed tumor cells, and the anti-tumor ability was promoted when it was co-cultured with supernatant of NPC cells [30]. These results suggest a link between HLA-G and tumor associated macrophages regarding their regulatory roles in immune surveillance in NPC.

On the other hand, we found that IL-10 was highly expressed in NPC tissues, consistent with previous reports [36-37]. Moreover, the expression of IL-10 was positively correlated with that of HLA-G in NPC tissues. Similarly, the expression of IL-10 has been demonstrated in 7 of 9 HLA-G positive cases with lung cancer [38]. These suggest a close functional relevance between IL-10 and HLA-G. As a supportive evidence, it has been found that IL-10 could induce HLA-G in human trophoblasts and mononuclear cells [15]; and in turn, HLA-G has cytokine-regulating functions, which is associated with IL-10 expression in the evasion of immune surveillance [31]. Since IL-10 has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities, HLA-G might contribute to these processes, and interact with IL-10 during the malignant transformation of NPC.

In summary, we have demonstrated that HLA-G is expressed in majority of NPC samples; and that HLA-G expression is a strong and independent prognostic factor in NPC. Moreover, the correlations of HLA-G with other two prognostic factors, CD68⁺ macrophage and IL-10, were revealed in NPC tissues, suggesting that HLA-G might regulate the escape of tumor surveillance in the NPC. However, further investigations are necessary to reveal the precise function of HLA-G in NPC development.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported partially by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2012AA02A206 and 2012AA02A501), and the State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program): (No. 2011CB504300 and 2011CB504805).

Authors' Contributions

MB conducted all the experiments, and wrote the initial draft and revised the manuscript. HQ collected the preliminary data, and helped to perform some experiments. JJ and QC counted the number of macrophage in NPC tissues. CC, TB and JY participated in the study design and interpretation of the results. QS, HY, YL and LZ undertaking immunohistochemistry work. JX and YX contributed in the study coordination and revisions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interest.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Yi-Xin Zeng, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China. Phone: +86-20-87343333; Fax: +86-20-87343295; E-mail: zengyxorg.cn

Received 2012-3-19
Accepted 2012-6-5
Published 2012-6-16

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