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Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10(4):448-456. doi:10.7150/ijbs.8571 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Amelioration of Stroke-Induced Neurological Deficiency by Lyophilized Powder of Catapol and Puerarin

Yang Liu^1,2,3, Qiang Xue^1,2,3, Xu Li ^1,2,3, Jifen Zhang^1,2,3, Zhifeng Fu⁴, Binbin Feng⁵, Yi Chen^1,2,3 , Xiaoyu Xu^1,2,3

1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
2. Institute of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
3. Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China;
4. Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
5. Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College.

✉ Corresponding author: Professor Xiaoyu XU, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. Tel.:+0086-23-6825-0761; Fax: +0086-23-6825-1225; E-mail: xuxiaoyuedu.cn or Yi Chen (Ph.D.), Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. E-mail:rachelcyedu.cn. More

Abstract

Catalpol and puerarin are active ingredients isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch and Radix Puerariae, respectively. They are popular in research for their poly-pharmacological effects. This research focused on effect of anti-stroke by lyophilized powder of catalpol and puerarin (C-P) and potential mechanisms. At the beginning of research, C-P was identified and analyzed by HPLC. Neurological function was evaluated by Longa score, neurological complex function score and beam balance score after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (PMCAO) in mice. Infarct volume and water content were evaluated after treatment of C-P. Anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis and neurogenesis were investigated by ELISA, WB and immunohistochemical stain respectively. With treatment of C-P, neurological deficiency of PMCAO mice was ameliorated. Morphologically, infarct volume and water content in ischemic hemisphere were significantly reduced by C-P. In vivo and in vitro, oxidative stress injury was extenuated by C-P. Meanwhile, Caspase-3 was down-regulated and Bxl-2 was up-regulated by C-P in vivo. In addition, C-P enhanced angiogenesis around the infarct of cortex and neurogenesis in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus (DG). Hence, C-P ameliorated stroke-induced neurological deficiency through its multiple neuroprotections. What's more, this article provides us a novel formula of active ingredients for stroke.

Keywords: catapol, puerarin, stroke, neurological function.

Introduction

Brain stroke imperils human healthy with high risk of fatality and disability [1]. It is mostly resulted from cerebral arterial thrombosis in clinical. After stroke, neural cells suffer from various cellular events which lead cells to apoptosis [2]. Apoptosis is the main pathway that oxidative stress leads cells to death [3]. In the later period of stroke, neural regeneration and plasticity are present as the restorative responses to ameliorate the neurological deficiency [4.]. However, drugs that can target to all these sides are still absent. Decades passed with so many studies on stroke, the progress in therapy of stroke is proceeding very slowly. So far, recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only established clinical therapy for stroke. However, it naturally benefits a small fraction of patients for its limitations, short time window and high risk of rehaemorrhagia [5].

Catalpol is the main active ingredients in Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch which is typically used to treat stroke in china. Its modern research proves that catalpol can improve stroke-induced neurological deficiency of rats [6]. This efficacy is partially related to its angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidative stress [7-10]. Puerarin is an active ingredient that isolated from Puerariae lobata Ohwi. It has various pharmacological effects as improving microcirculation, anti-platelet aggregation and antithrombotic formation [11]. With reducing infarct volume, it ameliorates stroke-induced neurological deficiency as well [12-16].

Additionally, lots of reports highly suggested that drugs in combination have performed better than alone in neural protection [17]. Although the two active ingredients stated above are effective against brain stroke, there is no any research on them used in combination. Therefore, it provides us a research gap of the two ingredients combined against brain stroke. For clinical use, we have lyophilized catalpol and puerarin for injection. A series of detections in vivo have proved that the lyophilized powder is safety to use, [18-20]. C-P significantly improves the dysfunctions of blood rheology and coagulation in vivo [21], and protects HUVECs from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury [22]. Although lots of studies has been done, the pharmacodynamics researches on brain stroke in vivo are still absent.

This research is aimed to observe the anti-stroke of C-P on mice, including neurological behavior, morphology and potential mechanisms. And the mechanisms will be researched from sides of anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis and neurogenesis by ELISA, WB and immunohistochemical stain.

Materials and Methods

Reagents

Catalpol was purchased from Liu bo bai niao Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (China Lot NO. 08051009) and puerarin from Yu xin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (China Lot NO. 090602). MTT, CoCl₂ and β-Mercaptoethanol were purchased from Sigma (USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Hyclone (USA). DMEM was purchased from Gibco (USA). Antibodies of IgG, Caspase-3, β-actin, CD31, BrdU and Nestin were purchased from Bioss (China). Antibodies of Bcl-2 Bax were purchased from Santa Cruz (USA).

HPLC for C-P

Chromatographic conditions were as reported before [18]: column Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 (4. 6mm × 250 mm, 5 μm); eluent: water and acetonitrile for gradient elution; the monitoring wavelength was set at 210 nm; flow rate was 1.0 ml·min^-1 and the column temperature was 30 ℃; the sample size was 10μl. (Fig.1)

Animals and treatment

Male Kun-Ming mice (25-30g) were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University (Chongqing, China) and housed under controlled environment (22 ± 2 ℃, 12 hour light/dark cycle, free access to food and water) in the Experimental Animal Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University (Chongqing, China). The animal approval number was SYXK 2009-0002. All the experiments were performed in accordance with China's Guidelines for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

 Figure 1 

High-performance liquid chromatogram of C-P at 210 nm. The first peak is catalpol and the second is puerarin.

Mice were subjected to PMCAO followed Longa's report [23]. 210 stroke mice were randomly divided into PMCOA (n=38), edaravone (as positive drug, 3 mg/kg, n=38), C-P low (23.4 mg/kg, n=38), C-P middle (46.7mg/kg, n=38) and C-P high (93.4 mg/kg, n=38) groups. Simultaneously, the extra 38 mice were for sham operation.

Pre-treated with C-P or edaravone (tail-intravenous injection, once a day for 5 days), mice were then subjected to PMCAO. 3 hours later, mice were administered again. And, one hour later, mice were sacrificed for testing the oxidative indexes. In the rest of tests, mice were treated with drugs once a day until being sacrificed for tests. The same volume of medium was for PMCAO and sham group.

PC12 cells culture and treatment

PC12 cells were purchased from Shanghai Life Science Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 (10%FBS, Streptomycin 100mg/L, penicillin 1×10⁵ U/L) at the condition of 37℃, 5%CO₂, and the medium were changed every 2-3d.

CoCl₂ was used to lead to hypoxia injury [24]. Cells were planted in 96-well plate with concentration of 5×10⁴ml/L and divided into groups for control, CoCl₂ and C-P (with four gradient: 12.25µg ml/L, 24.5µg ml/L, 49µg ml/L and 98µg ml/L). Treated with C-P for 1 hour, PC12 cells were co-cultured with CoCl₂ (500umol/L) and C-P for 24h.

Behavioral test

72 Mice (n=12) were tested by Longa score [23], neurological complex function [25], and beam balance test [26]. All animals were pretrained for 7 day before PMCAO, and then tested on the 1th, 4th and 7th day after stroke.

Infarct volume

48 brains (n=8) were for TTC stain on the 7th day after stroke. Brains were taken out without olfactory bulb and brainstem, and then put them into the Brain Matrices (1MM 175-300). Every brain was cut for 4 coronal slices (2mm thick) along the chiasma opticum. The slices were immersed in 2% TTC for 15 minutes, and fixed in 4% paraformldehyde overnight [27]. Infarct volume was expressed as a percentage of the whole brain.

Water content

48 mice (n=8) were sacrificed on the 3th day. The wet weight (WW) and dry weight (DW) of ischemic hemisphere were recorded [28]. Percentage of water content was calculated as follows: water (%) = (WW-DW)/WW×100%.

ELISA for oxidative indexes

Brain specimen

48 mice (n=6) were sacrificed for ELISA at 4h and on 1th, 4th and 7th after stroke. Brains were made into 10% brain homogenate and centrifuged (1500g×10minutes) at 4℃. The supernatant liquid was detected by ELISA for MDA, NO and SOD.

Cells specimen

Cells were washed twice with PBS, lyzed on ice for 15 minutes and centrifuged (1200g×10minutes) at 4℃. Supernatant liquid was taken out for detection of SOD. The cell culture medium was used for the test of NO activity. All ELISA steps were followed as the instructions of reagent kit.

BrdU injection

4 animals were received IP of Bromo-deoxy-Uridine (BrdU: 50mg/kg q, 12 hours) on days 1 to 7 post-op to label dividing cells [29].

Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry was tested on the 1th day, 4th day and 7th day. All mice were anaesthetized before specimen preparation. Thoracic cavity was opened for exposure of heart. Push catheter to aortic arch and then fixed it. Cold physiological saline was poured into auricula dextra by constant-flow pump until the crystal liquid flowing out from auricula dextra. Then paraform was injected until the all fours were stiff. Brains were taken out without olfactory bulb and epencephala, and fixed in 4% paraform at room temperature for 3 days. Paraffin sections (6μm thickness) were for immunohistochemical stains.

Concentrations of various antibodies were used as follows: CD31 polyclonal antibody (1:100), Nestin polyclonal antibody (1:100) and BrdU monoclonal antibody (1:100). The procedure was followed as previous reports [30]. The positive cells in brain slices were counted with Image-Pro Plus 6.0.

Microvascular density (MVD)

CD31 was used to mark endothelial cell and evaluate the MVD. The CD31⁺ cells apart from the vessel, no matter alone or in groups, would be regarded as a microvessel and should be counted. 6 slices of a group were counted and the number of microvessels was counted in five sights of 400×field for calculating the MVD (number of microvessels per mm²) and [31].

MTT

PC12 cells were incubated with MTT medium (5mg/ml) in 96-well plate for 4h (37℃, 5%CO2). The medium was abandoned carefully, and then DMSO to solve the formazan (150μl per well of 96-well plate). Then the absorbance was detected at 490nm by Microlab F.A.M.E.

Western Blot (WB)

Antibodies: IgG/Horseradish peroxidase labeled (1:20000), Bax polyclonal antibody (1:500), Bcl-2 polyclonal antibody (1:500), Caspase-3 polyclonal antibody (1:1700) and β-actin (1:1000). And the protocol followed as previous report [32].

Statistical analysis

All of the experiments were repeated at least three times. Quantitative data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 17.0. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. All pictures were processed by origin8.0 and Adobe Illustrator CS5.

Results

C-P ameliorated stroke-induced neurological deficiency

Sham group was absent of neurological deficiency. Symptoms of brain stroke were expressed in PMCAO mice, as lassitude, decreased of taking food and weight, hard to breathe and high risk of death during the former 48h. Presence of pursuing tail and curled foreleg on the opposite of ischemic side could be observed as well. Only those who got scores more than 1 would be served as successful PMCAO model [23]. Longa score, neural complex function and beam balance score were tested for each mice. Mice those treated with C-P or Edaravone expressed less neurological deficiency. The C-P-induced amelioration was mainly initiated from the 4th day, especially with middle dose (Fig.2, P<0.01 or P<0.05).

C-P reduced infarct volume and water content

On the 7th day of stroke, infarct volume was tested. Compared with PMCAO group, the infarct volume of C-P groups was significantly reduced and almost equal to edaravone group (Fig.3A, P<0.01). Further, water content in the ischemic hemisphere was obviously decreased by C-P on the 3th day when stroke-induced edema was severe [28] (Fig.3B, P<0.01).

C-P performed anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis

The anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis of C-P were researched in this section. With treatment of C-P, the oxidative stress injury was weakened in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, the SOD was enhanced significantly by C-P during 4hours-7days, while the NO and MDA were decreased (Fig.4, P<0.05 or P<0.01). In vitro, C-P survived the CoCl₂-damaged PC12 cells. Simultaneously, it increased SOD and decreased NO as well (Fig.5, P<0.05 or P<0.01).

Furthermore, caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 were assayed by WB in CoCl₂ damaged PC12 cells. Significantly, rate of Bax/Bcl-2 was decreased by C-P which mainly depended on up-regulation of Bcl-2(Fig.6A, P<0.05). Further, caspase-3 was also decreased obviously (Fig.6B, P<0.01).

 Figure 2 

Longa score (A), neurological complex function score (B) and beam balance score (C) were tested in PMCAO mice on the 1d, 4d and 7d. (value as mean± SD , n=12, ^##P<0.01 vs sham operation; ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 vs PMCAO).

 Figure 3 

Morphology observation in stroke mice: (A) Treated with C-P for 5 days, mice were performed TTC stain. And the infarct volume was calculated as percentage of infarct volume to whole brain. (B) Water content was tested on the 3th days of C-P treatment and calculated as follows: water content(%) = (wet weight - dry weight)/ (wet weight). (value as mean ± SD , n=8, ^##P<0.01 vs sham operation; ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 vs PMCAO).

 Figure 4 

Anti-oxidative stress of C-P in vivo. PMCAO performed for 3 hours, mice were treated with C-P again. The first test was performed at 4h after stroke, and then tested on 1th, 4th and 7th respectively. (value as mean ± SD, n=6, ^##P<0.01 vs sham operation; ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 vs PMCAO).

 Figure 5 

(A) Cells were co-cultured with CoCl₂ and C-P for 24 hours, and then the cellular viability was tested by MTT. (B) At the same time, the level of NO in culture medium and SOD in cells were tested by ELISA. (value as mean ± SD, n=3, repeated to 3 times ,^##P<0.01 vs sham operation; ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 vs PMCAO).

 Figure 6 

Cells were co-cultured with CoCl₂ and C-P for 24 hours, and then the expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3 were tested by WB. Figures show that C-P has up-regulated Bcl-2 and decreased caspase-3, but has little effect on Bax. (value as mean ± SD, n=3, repeated to 3 times , ^##P<0.01 vs sham operation; ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 vs PMCAO).

C-P expanded angiogenesis and neurogenesis

With increase of BrdU⁺ cells, the mitotic cells were expanded by C-P in ischemic brains, and mostly initiated from the 1th day after stroke (Fig.7A-E, Fig.8 A-E, P<0.01 or P<0.05). This result highly pointed out the enhancement of regeneration in cortex and DG which was benefited from C-P.

Around the infarct of cortex, CD31⁺ cells in groups of C-P were much more than in PMCAO. Further, the middle dose performed excellently in angiogenesis with the earliest and strongest effect among the three doses (Fig.6D-F, H, P<0.01 or P<0.05). In DG of ischemic hemisphere, Nestin⁺ cells were expanded by C-P. This neurogenesis was obviously increased from the 4th day (Fig.7 D-F, H, P<0.01 or P<0.05).

Discussion

Brain stroke is a multiple pathologies and targets disease which is hard to be rescued. Deprivation of oxygen and nutrients triggers a complex and interactional cascade of events, as excitotoxicity, calcium overload, oxidative stress, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and so on [2]. And it is the various events that prevent the progress in therapy of stroke. Ameliorating the damage during the ultra-stage of stroke seems promisingly for prognosis. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are predominant pathways that led cells to death in ischemic penumbra which is remediable after stroke [33]. Blocking these two paths is potential to survive the cells in penumbra. On the other hand, regeneration and plasticity are regarded promisingly in stroke, as angiogenesis and neurogensis [4]. All stated above are significant to treat stroke.

Many studies focused on one target of stroke has been failed in vivo or in clinical at last, although them seems effective in vitro [34].With the good news ceaselessly come from theory of network pharmacology and multiple targets, more and more pharmacologists devote to design new drugs with multiple-efficacies [2, 35, 36]. Under the circumstance, combinative therapy has arisen recently [17]. Combinative therapy not only aims at multiple targets, but also boosts efficacies. Therefore, this paradigm of therapy is prevail in stroke and has obtained some progresses. This combination can be drug therapy with un-drug, as in the case of levodopa with physiotherapy [37]. However, the most of cases are still drug with drug in brain stroke. As in the case of rt-PA in combination with aspirin, it is a common and effective treatment against stroke in clinical now. Besides, Candesartan with atorvastatin [38], Memantine with Clenbuterol [39] and Vitamin Dhormone (VDH) with progesterone (P4) can protect brain from stroke [40]. Beyond the combination in clinical drugs, drug with peptid can treat acute stroke better as well [41]. In conclusion, the most of combinative drugs are antioxidants, thrombolytics and neuroprotectants.

On the other hand, TCM is hot for its great potential in new drug discovery [42]. Encouragingly, combination of active ingredients from TCM is reported to be potential and promising, as in the two successful cases of therapy in promyelocytic leukemia [43] and endometriosis [44]. In this study, catalpol in combination with puerarin is because of their inter-enhanced and inter-supplemented efficacies. It is regarded that drugs with qualities of neuroprotection and recovery-enhancement are potential candidates to treat stroke [17]. The previous studies prove that catalpol is prominent in regeneration and plasticity with up-regulation of VEGF, EPO NGF, BDNF and GAP-43 [7, 45]. It is known to us that the former two factors are prominent in angiogenesis and partially in neurogensis, and the rest is relative to regeneration, growth and plasticity of neurons [7, 8]. Additionally, some other reports indicate that catalpol can regulate energy metabolism [46] and inhibit apoptosis and oxidative stress [9, 10, 47, and 48].

 Figure 7 

Aniogenesis around infarct of cortex. Immunohistochemical stains of BrdU and CD31 were performed on the 1th, 4th, 7th day around infarct of cortex. Cells characterized with brown cytoplasm were counted on the specific time (G-H). (value as mean± SD , n=6, ^##P<0.01 vs sham operation; ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 vs PMCAO).

 Figure 8 

Neurogenesis in DG of ischemic hemisphere. Immunohistochemical stains of BrdU and Nestin were performed on the 1th, 4th and 7th day after PMCAO and C-P. Cells characterized with brown cytoplasm were counted (G-H). (value as mean± SD , n=6, ^##P<0.01 vs sham operation; ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 vs PMCAO)

Recent studies have highly suggested that puerarin is prominent in cardiovascular system: as regulating microcirculation, anti-hypertension, anti-aggregation of platelet and so on [11]. With these efficacies, it is applied into brain stroke and performs excellently not only in acute stroke [49] but also in amelioration of stroke-induced neurological deficiency in clinical [50]. Depending on the sequential studies, the efficacies are likely based on that puerarin protects cells from oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis [13-16]. Also, this effect is observed on endothelial cells, pericytes and neurons [51-53]. Simultaneously, a research indicate that puerarin have induced angiogenesis in myocardium of rat with myocardial infarction [54].

In this article, pretreatment of catalpol with puerarin obviously ameliorated the stroke-induced neurological deficiency. Morphologically, it reduced infract volume and water content of stroke mice. And the mechanisms involved anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis and regeneration. What's more, it provides us two clues: targeting multiple targets by combinative therapy is effective and promising, and TCM is a potential storehouse for drug discovery.

Conclusions

This article investigated anti-stroke of C-P in pharmacodynamics, as amelioration of stroke-induced neurological deficiency, and induction of infarct volume and water content. These efficacies resulted from anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis and regeneration. However, much more experiments on how to enhance and supply between catalpol and puerarin are still need to be researched intensively in future.

Acknowledgements

This project was supported by the Ministry of Education Doctoral Program special fund (20110182110012), the Key Projects of Chinese Medicine Research of Chongqing Municipal Health Bureau (2010[60] 2010-1-4), the Program for Innovative Research Team in University of Chongqing (2013), the Projects of Chongqing Science & Technology (CSTC, 2011jjA0324, 2012jjA1149), and the Southwest University Doctor Foundation (No.SWU111065). At last, we thanks to Jialan Liu and Ling Xu for their special effort on this research.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Professor Xiaoyu XU, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. Tel.:+0086-23-6825-0761; Fax: +0086-23-6825-1225; E-mail: xuxiaoyuedu.cn or Yi Chen (Ph.D.), Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. E-mail:rachelcyedu.cn.

Received 2014-1-13
Accepted 2014-3-22
Published 2014-4-8

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