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Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14(10):1268-1276. doi:10.7150/ijbs.27151 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Enhancer RNA - P2RY2e induced by estrogen promotes malignant behaviors of bladder cancer

Mengting Ding^1,2*, Hengji Zhan^3*, Xinhui Liao^3*, Aolin Li^1*, Yucheng Zhong³, Qunjun Gao³, Yuchen Liu³ , Weiren Huang³ , Zhiming Cai³

1. Clinical Medicine College of Anhui Medical University, Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People′s Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China.
2. Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
3. Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People′s Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
^* Equal contributors

✉ Corresponding author: Yuchen Liu, Weiren Huang, ZhimingCai. E-mail: liuyuchenmdcgcom (Yuchen Liu); pony8980com (Weiren Huang); caizhiming2000com (Zhiming Cai)

Abstract

Enhancers are transcriptional regulatory elements that increase target gene expression. It has reported that enhancers could universally transcribe into enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) with stimulation. Increasing evidence showed eRNAs participated in various disease processes including malignant tumors. P2RY2 enhancer RNA (P2RY2e) is an estrogen-responsive eRNA and involved in the development of breast cancer. However, the relationship between P2RY2e and bladder cancer (BCa) is unclear. In the study, we discovered that P2RY2e was upregulated in BCa tissues and estrogen-treated cells. Estrogen promoted the malignant abilities of BCa cells. P2RY2e knockdown by CRISPR-Cas13a inhibit the cell multiplication, invasion and migration. Additionally, the cell apoptosis was facilitated. What's more, downregulation of P2RY2e could weaken the cancer-promoting effects of estrogen on BCa. Our study revealed that P2RY2e played a carcinogenic role in BCa and estrogen might promote the initiation of BCa by inducing P2RY2e. We provide a potential therapeutic target for BCa and a new perspective for the tumorigenesis of bladder cancer.

Keywords: P2RY2e, Estrogen, Bladder cancer, CRISPR-Cas13a

1. Background

Estrogen plays significant roles in carcinogenesis, especially in BCa [1, 2]. Even though BCa mostly occurs in men, female patients present with more invasive phenotype and have lower survival rates [2-6]. Current therapies for BCa, such as transurethral resection or radical cystectomy and intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), do not remarkably improve the overall survival rates of advanced BCa [7, 8]. Deficient knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms of this difference in gender incidence is a barrier to the improvement of clinical management of BCa. More exploration of this aspect might open a new prospect for the prevention or treatment for BCa.

Purinergic receptor P2Y2 (P2RY2) is a typical representative of G-protein coupled purinergic receptors and widely distributed in normal tissues [9, 10]. P2RY2 is activated by UTP/ATP and participates in the regulation of various biological processes [10-13]. It has been reported P2RY2 is upregulated in certain cancers and promotes the proliferation of cancer cells including gastric[14], breast[13], pancreas[15], prostate[16] and lung[17]. Li and his colleagues [18] demonstrated that the corresponding enhancer of P2RY2 can transcribe into functional transcripts - P2RY2 enhancer RNA, termed P2RY2e after stimulus with estrogen. P2RY2e could act on chromatin looping to enhance gene transcription. Absence of P2RY2e led to reduced target gene expression and epigenetic features of P2RY2 enhancer, such as, histone modification and so on [19]. However, the roles of P2RY2e in BCa are completely ignorant. Given the persistence of gender differences in BCa, estrogen appears to be particularly vital in the advancement of bladder cancer. It is also necessary to clarify whether P2RY2e involved in the effects of estrogen on BCa.

Our study explored the significance of P2RY2e and the potential molecular mechanisms of estrogen in tumorigenesis of BCa. We first reported that P2RY2e was upregulated in BCa tissues and tightly associated with the histological grade, the depth of tumor infiltration and the TNM stage. We revealed estrogen could induce the production of P2RY2e and increase the malignant ability of BCa cells 5637 and T24. Knockdown of P2RY2e by CRISPR-Cas13a could inhibit cell multiplication, invasion and migration. Furthermore, the cell apoptosis was increased. And more importantly, the down-regulation of P2RY2e can reduce the cancer-promoting ability of estrogen on BCa cells.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Patient samples

This research included a total of 38 BCa patients. BCa tissues and matched paracancerous tissues were quick-froze in liquid nitrogen after radical cystectomy. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients. The study was approved by Institutional Review Board of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital.

2.2 Cell culture and treatments

Human BCa cell lines (5637, T24) were purchased from the America Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). The 5637 cells were cultured in phenol-free RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) plus 10% charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco). The T24 cells were cultured in phenol-free DMEM medium (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) plus 10% charcoal-stripped FBS (Gibco). All cells were placed in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C. Estrogen was used to stimulate the cells for 1 h to induce P2RY2e production.

2.3 Cell transfection

The small interfering RNA (siRNA) that targeted P2RY2e (si-P2RY2e) and negative control RNA (si-NC) were ordered from Syngen Tech Co., Beijing, China. The si-P2RY2e sequences were as follows: sense: 5'-GCAAAAGGUAGGAGGGUUU-3'; antisense: 5'- AAACCCUCCUACCUUUUGC-3' [18]. CRISPR-Cas13a targeting P2RY2e (Cas13a-P2RY2e) and negative control (Cas13a-NC) were constructed by Syngen Tech Co., Beijing, China. The guide RNA sequences of Cas13a-P2RY2e were as follows: ACTGTGAGGAGGCCCAGGCAGTACACCA. The guide RNA sequences of Cas13a-NC were as follows: TAGATTGCTGTTCTACCAAGTAATCCAT. BCa cells were seeded in 6-well plates and grown to a suitable density. Then cells were transfected with 100 pmol siRNA or 2.5ug plasmid vectors using Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the instructions.

2.4 RNA extraction and RT-qPCR

The total RNA of the tissue samples were extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 1ug total RNA was converted to cDNA using a Revertra Ace qPCR RT Kit (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan). GAPDH was used as the internal control for Real-time quantitative PCR (RT qPCR). The primer sequences were as follows: P2RY2e primers forward: 5′-AGGCAAATCCATTGTCATCC-3′ and reverse: 5′-AACTGGCTGGATCTTGAAGC-3′ [18]; GAPDH primers forward: 5′-AACGGATTTGGTCGTATTG-3′ and reverse: 5′-GGAAGATGGTGATGGGATT-3′. RT qPCR was performed using ABI PRISM 7500 Fluorescent Quantitative PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The reaction system included 5ul of qPCR Mix (Toyobo), 0.5μl of forward primer, 0.5ul of reverse primer, 1ul of cDNA and 3ul of deionized water. The 2^-ΔΔCt method was used to calculate the relative expression level. Each experiment was repeated at least three times.

2.5 Cell proliferation assay

Cell Counting Kit-8, CCK-8 (TransGen, Beijing, China) and EDU assay kit (RIBOBIO, Guangzhou, China) were used to examine cell proliferation. After 24h of transfection, 5 × 10³ cells were planted in 96-well plates. At 0, 24, 48 and 72h, 10ul CCK-8 and 90ul medium were incubated together at 37℃ for 1h, then the absorbance at 450 nm was detected by a microplate reader (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). For direct observation of the proliferating cells, 5-Ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine incorporation experiment was also performed according to the specifications. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. The mean in each condition is the average of the biological repeats.

2.6 Cell motility assay

Transwell assay was used to examine cell invasion. After Cas13a-P2RY2e or Cas13a-NC treatment for 24h, 1.5 × 10⁵ 5637 cells and 5 × 10⁴ T24 cells with 200ul serum-free medium were put into the upper chambers (24-well insert, pore size 8μm, Corning) which contained matrigel (1:8, 50μl/well, BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA, USA). The lower chambers were added to 500μl complete medium. After 24 hours of cultivation, the invaded cells were fixed with methanol for 20 min, stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 25 min and photographed after drying. 1 ml 33% acetic acid was added in each chamber with the invaded cells and the 24-well plates were soaked for 10 min to wash out the crystal violet. The absorbance at 570 nm was determined by a microplate reader (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Each experiment was performed at least three times. The mean in each condition is the average of the biological repeats.

 Figure 1 

a, b The relative expression levels of P2RY2e were detected by RT-qPCR in a total of 38 BCa patients. P2RY2e was upregulated in BCa tissues compared to normal tissues. c siRNA can't effectively knock down P2RY2e. d P2RY2e expression was significantly downregulated by transfection of Cas13a-P2RY2e. e P2RY2e expression was prominently increased in BCa cells after treatment with estrogen for 1h. E2 represented estrogen. Data are shown as mean ± SD. (*p<0.05, **p< 0.01)

Wound-healing assay was applied to assess cell migration. Clear lines were created with a sterile 200μl pipette tip after 24h of transfection. Then the cells were continuously cultured in the medium supplemented with 1% FBS for 24 hours. The wound areas were recorded at 0 hours and 24 hours using a digital camera system. The migration distance was measured by the software program ImageJ. Each experiment was repeated at least three times. The mean in each condition is the average of the biological repeats.

2.7 Cell apoptosis assay

We used caspase-3 ELISA assay and flow cytometry assay to detect cell apoptosis. BCa cells 5637 and T24 were transfected with Cas13a vectors in 10cm dishes for 24h. Human caspase-3 ELISA assay kit (Cusabio, Wuhan, China) was used to detect the activity of caspase-3 according to the instructions. For flow cytometry assay, the cells were transfected with Cas13a vectors in 6-well plates for 24h. Then they were harvested and suspended with 100ul of Annexin V Binding Buffer. The cells were dyed with 5ul of Annexin V-FITC and 5ul of Propidium Iodide (PI) and incubated from light at room temperature. Cell apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry (EPICS, XL-4, Beckman, CA, USA). Each experiment was repeated at least three times.

2.8 Statistical analysis

All data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and all statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 17. Paired samples t-test was used to analyze the expression differences of P2RY2e between BCa tissues and matched normal tissues. The CCK-8 assay was analyzed using ANOVA. Other data was analyzed by the independent samples t-test. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1 P2RY2e was overexpressed in BCa and significantly associated with clinical pathological characteristics

We examined the relative expression levels of P2RY2e by RT qPCR in 38 BCa tissues together with adjacent tissues. Our results showed that P2RY2e was overexpression in 29 cancer tissues (Figure 1a and 1b). What's more, as shown in Table 1, increased P2RY2e expression was positively related to high histological grade, tumor invasion and the late TNM stage of bladder cancer. However, it didn't show a direct link with the age, the gender and the lymph node metastasis. Accordingly, we concluded that P2RY2e played a cancer-promoting role in bladder cancer.

3.2 Targeting knockdown of P2RY2e with CRISPR-Cas13a was much more efficacious than siRNA

BCa cells 5637 and T24 were cultured and transfected with CRISPR-Cas13a vectors or siRNA. 24 hours later, we explored the relative expression of P2RY2e in BCa cells. Our results showed that siRNA failed to knock down P2RY2e effectively in 5637 and T24 (Figure 1c). In contrast, the relative expression of P2RY2e was decreased by 56.1% in 5637 and 26.3% in T24 (Figure 1d) by Cas13a-P2RY2e. These results indicated that only CRISPR-Cas13a was appropriate for the knockdown of P2RY2e.

3.2 P2RY2e is upregulated in BCa cells when exposed to estrogen

We analyzed the P2RY2e expression level of 1h estrogen-treated (10nM) BCa cells using RT qPCR. Our data revealed the relative expression level of P2RY2e was upregulated by 3.95-fold in 5637 and 3.54-fold in T24 after estrogen stimulation (Figure 1e). We demonstrated that BCa cells also responded to estrogen and then induced the synthesis of P2RY2e like breast cancer cells MCF-7.

3.3 Estrogen promoted cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and inhibit cell apoptosis of BCa cells

To verify the impact of estrogen on BCa cells, we used both EDU assay and CCK-8 assay to detect the proliferation of the cells with estrogen treatment. Compared with the control group, estrogen was able to stimulate cell growth of 5637 (Figure 2a, 2g, 3a) and T24 cells (Figure 2d, 2g, 3a). Wound-healing assay and transwell assay were used to assess the cell motility of estrogen-treated cells. We found estrogen could significantly facilitate the cell invasion of 5637 and T24 cells (Figure 3d, 3g), as well as the cell migration (Figure 4a, 4d, 4g). Finally, we performed caspase-3 ELISA assay and flow cytometry assay to explore cell apoptosis. As expected, the activity of caspase-3 protein in 5637 and T24 cells were decreased and the cell apoptosis was suppressed (Figure 5a, 5d, 5g). These results suggested the potential roles of estrogen in facilitating the initiation and invasion of BCa.

3.4 P2RY2e knockdown by specific Cas13a inhibit cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and induce cell apoptosis of BCa cells

We utilized CRISPR-Cas13a to explore the influence of P2RY2e downregulation on BCa cells. After Cas13a-P2RY2e or Cas13a-NC transfection for 24h, we studied changes in the malignant biological behaviors of BCa cells in the same way. Both EDU incorporation assay and CCK-8 assay exhibit prominent cell growth suppression of 5637 (Figure 2b, 2h, 3b) and T24 cells (Figure 2e, 2h, 3b). The cell invasion were significantly decreased showed by transwell assay in 5637 and T24 (Figure 3e, 3h), as well as a weakened cell migration (Figure 4b, 4e, 4h) showed by wound-healing assay. Besides, increased cell apoptosis was showed in 5637 and T24 by the detection of caspase-3 and flow cytometry assay (Figure 5b, 5e, 5h). Therefore, low expression of P2RY2e reduced the malignant ability of BCa cells.

3.5 P2RY2e knockdown offset the carcinogenic effects of estrogen in BCa cells

In view of the P2RY2e induction of estrogen in 5637 and T24, we wondered P2RYe might participate in the carcinogenesis of estrogen on urinary bladder. We knocked down P2RY2e while adding estrogen and analyzed the malignant potential of BCa cells compared to the group treated with estrogen plus Cas3a-NC using the methods described above. We observed the cell proliferation (Figure 2c, 2f, 2i, 3c), invasion (Figure 3f, 3i) and migration (Figure 4c, 4f, 4i) induced by estrogen were weakened and the cell apoptosis was increased in case of P2RY2e knockdown (Figure 5c, 5f, 5i). In conclusion, P2RY2e downregulation can attenuate the acceerative effects of estrogen on BCa.

 Figure 2 

EDU assay was performed to investigate cell growth. a, d, g Estrogen promoted the multiplication of 5637 and T24 cells. b, e, h Downregulation of P2RY2e by Cas13a-P2RY2e inhibit cell proliferation of 5637 and T24 cells. c, f, i Downregulation of P2RY2e by Cas13a-P2RY2e decreased cell proliferation induced by estrogen. E2 represented estrogen. Data are shown as mean ± SD. (*p<0.05, **p< 0.01)

4. Discussion

BCa is the 9th most common malignancy worldwide, bringing a heavy economic burden to the world and poor quality of life to individuals [20, 21]. The gender difference has forced us to think about the significance of estrogen in BCa. An exposition of more molecular mechanisms could deepen our understanding about the development of BCa.

Enhancers are cis-acting elements which could regulate the transcriptional activation of target genes [22]. In recent years, several studies have proved that enhancers can transcribe into eRNAs when exposed to stimulus [18, 19, 23-25]. Increasing evidences demonstrate eRNAs are not just markers of activity enhancers, but play a functional role in gene transcription [23, 26, 27]. P2RY2e is an estrogen-associated eRNA and could enhance gene transcription by facilitating gene looping [18, 19]. However, the roles of P2RY2e in BCa and the connection between P2RY2e and carcinogenesis of estrogen remain unclear.

 Figure 3 

CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation as well. a Increased cell growth was observed in 5637 and T24 cells with stimulation of estrogen (10mM). b Cell proliferation suppression was observed in 5637 and T24 cells transfected with Cas13a-P2RY2e. c Estrogen-induced proliferation was attenuated after transfection with Cas13a-P2RY2e in 5637 and T24. Transwell assay was used to detect cell invasion. d, g Estrogen promoted the cell invasion of 5637 and T24 cells. e, h Cell invasion was inhibit in 5637 and T24 after transfection of Cas13a-P2RY2e. f, i Compared with the negative control, cell invasion was inhibit with estrogen treatment and Cas13a-P2RY2e transfection. E2 represented estrogen. Data are shown as mean ± SD. (*p<0.05, **p< 0.01, ***p< 0.001)

Our study demonstrated that P2RY2e is highly expressed in BCa tissues and closely associated with the histological grade, the depth of invasion and the clinical TNM stage for the first time. Possibly due to limited numbers of tumor samples, we did not get any significant connections among gender, age, lymph node metastasis and BCa. In summary, our results showed P2RY2e may serve as a driver in the occurrence and progression of BCa.

We knocked down P2RY2e for further investigation in BCa. It may be difficult to access to the nucleus, transfection of siRNA provided us an extremely poor knockdown efficiency of P2RY2e. Next, we designed a guide RNA specifically targeting P2RY2e and constructed P2RY2e silencing vectors by LwaCas13a reported by Zhang et al. which was different from other CRISPR systems and had the ability to knock down the nuclear transcripts precisely and efficiently based on the nuclear localization sequence[28]. Our results showed the knockdown efficiency of CRISPR-Cas13a is much better than that of siRNA. So we believed that CRISPR-Cas13a was much more applicable to the knockdown of P2RY2e.

 Figure 4 

Cell migration was analyzed by wound-healing assay. a, d, g Estrogen promoted the cell migration of 5637 and T24 cells. b, e, h After transfection of Cas13a-P2RY2e, cell migration was inhibit in 5637 and T24. c, f , i Cell migration was inhibit with estrogen treatment and Cas13a-P2RY2e transfection compared to the negative control. E2 represented estrogen. Data are shown as mean ± SD. (*p<0.05, **p< 0.01)

To further clarify the roles of P2RY2e in BCa, we firstly studied the effects of P2RY2e downregulation on BCa cells. Inhibit malignant abilities of the cells were observed, which was suggested that P2RY2e might play functional roles in promoting BCa. We discovered that estrogen could facilitate the malignant biological behaviors of BCa cells, as well as inducing the synthesis of P2RY2e. We considered there might be a unique connection between P2RY2e and cancer-promoting of estrogen. So we explored whether estrogen promoted the malignant potential of BCa cells when P2RY2e was knocked down. As expected we observed the cell proliferation, invasion and migration induced by estrogen were impaired and cell apoptosis were increased after Cas13a-P2RY2e transfection. There have been reported that the estrogen receptor β (ERβ) plays a major role in the proliferation of cells[29]. Whether the P2RY2e work in conjunction with ERβ to induce malignant behaviors of BCa cells need a thorough research. As a conclusion, we determined that P2RY2e undoubtedly participated in the carcinogenesis of estrogen on bladder cancer.

5. Conclusion

For the first time, we revealed P2RY2e was overexpressed in BCa tissues compared to the matched normal tissues. Downregulation of P2RY2e could suppress the malignant phenotype of BCa. Our results have revealed that P2RY2e acts as a carcinogenic factor in BCa. What's more, it is generally recognized that there is a close relationship between estrogen and BCa, but the molecular mechanism of estrogen action in BCa remains puzzled. We have demonstrated that estrogen may promote the initiation and invasion of BCa by the induction of P2RY2e. In conclusion, our study provides a new outlook and a fresh perspective on the molecular mechanisms of sex hormones acting on BCa. We have revealed that enhancer RNAs could act as a potential target for clinical therapeutics of BCa. More effective treatment strategies targeting P2RY2e of BCa need to be developed in future research.

 Figure 5 

Cell apoptosis was measured by caspase-3 ELISA assay and flow cytometry assay. a, d. g Estrogen decreased the cell apoptosis of 5637 and T24 cells. b, e, h P2RY2e downregulation increased cell apoptosis of 5637 and T24 cells. c, f, i Cell apoptosis was facilitated with estrogen treatment and Cas13a-P2RY2e transfection compared to the negative control. E2 represented estrogen. Data are shown as mean ± SD. (*p<0.05, **p< 0.01, ***p< 0.001)

Abbreviations

enhancer RNAs: eRNAs; P2RY2 enhancer RNA: P2RY2e; Standard deviation: SD; Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: BCG; Purinergic receptor P2Y2: P2RY2; Histone 3 Lysine 4 monomethylation: H3K4me1; Histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation: H3K27ac; Small interfering RNA: siRNA; Real-time quantitative PCR: RT qPCR; Cell Counting Kit-8: CCK-8; Propidium Iodide: PI.

Acknowledgements

The authors are particularly grateful to all the patients participated in our study.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital. All the patients signed a written informed consent.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2014CB745201), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772737), the Shenzhen Municipal Government of China (JCYJ20170413161749433, JSGG20160301161836370), the Sanming Project of Shenzhen Health and Family Planning Commission, SZSM201412018, SZSM201512037. The high level university's medical discipline construction 2016031638.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Yuchen Liu, Weiren Huang, ZhimingCai. E-mail: liuyuchenmdcgcom (Yuchen Liu); pony8980com (Weiren Huang); caizhiming2000com (Zhiming Cai)

Received 2018-5-8
Accepted 2018-6-23
Published 2018-7-27

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