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Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18(2):459-472. doi:10.7150/ijbs.59272 This issue Cite

Review

Cytokine storm in COVID-19: from viral infection to immune responses, diagnosis and therapy

Yizhou Jiang1#, Limor Rubin, MD2#, Tangming Peng1, Linlin Liu1, Xingan Xing1, Philip Lazarovici, PhD3, Wenhua Zheng, MD, PhD1✉

1. Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
2. Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
3. School of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
#Co-first equal contributing authors

✉ Corresponding author: Prof. Wenhua Zheng, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Room 3057, Building E12, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau. China. Tel: +853-88224919; Email: wenhuazhengmo

Citation:
Jiang Y, Rubin L, Peng T, Liu L, Xing X, Lazarovici P, Zheng W. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: from viral infection to immune responses, diagnosis and therapy. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18(2):459-472. doi:10.7150/ijbs.59272. https://www.ijbs.com/v18p0459.htm
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Abstract

Graphic abstract

The COVID-19 outbreak is emerging as a significant public health challenge. Excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, also known as cytokine storm, is a severe clinical syndrome known to develop as a complication of infectious or inflammatory diseases. Clinical evidence suggests that the occurrence of cytokine storm in severe acute respiratory syndrome secondary to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is closely associated with the rapid deterioration and high mortality of severe cases. In this review, we aim to summarize the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the subsequent immunological events related to excessive cytokine production and inflammatory responses associated with ACE2-AngII signaling. An overview of the diagnosis and an update on current therapeutic regimens and vaccinations is also provided.

Keywords: cytokine storm, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, immune response, cytokines, diagnosis, therapy, vaccination

Citation styles

APA
Jiang, Y., Rubin, L., Peng, T., Liu, L., Xing, X., Lazarovici, P., Zheng, W. (2022). Cytokine storm in COVID-19: from viral infection to immune responses, diagnosis and therapy. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 18(2), 459-472. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.59272.

ACS
Jiang, Y.; Rubin, L.; Peng, T.; Liu, L.; Xing, X.; Lazarovici, P.; Zheng, W. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: from viral infection to immune responses, diagnosis and therapy. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2022, 18 (2), 459-472. DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59272.

NLM
Jiang Y, Rubin L, Peng T, Liu L, Xing X, Lazarovici P, Zheng W. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: from viral infection to immune responses, diagnosis and therapy. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18(2):459-472. doi:10.7150/ijbs.59272. https://www.ijbs.com/v18p0459.htm

CSE
Jiang Y, Rubin L, Peng T, Liu L, Xing X, Lazarovici P, Zheng W. 2022. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: from viral infection to immune responses, diagnosis and therapy. Int J Biol Sci. 18(2):459-472.

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